Percepção dos médicos sobre a formação adquirida durante a especialização em Nefrologia no Peru / Perception of physicians about medical education received during their Nephrology residency training in Peru

ResumoIntrodução:No Peru, existem diferentes locais e currículos de ensino para a formação de especialistas em Nefrologia.Objetivo:Avaliar a percepção dos médicos que frequentam esse tipo de formação.Métodos:Análise descritivo-transversal sobre médicos que estavam nos últimos dois anos de formação em Nefrologia em fevereiro de 2012 e os que se formaram nos anos 2010 e 2011, em nível nacional. Utilizou-se um questionário autoaplicável desenvolvido com base em normas internacionais, juntamente com a Sociedade Peruana de Nefrologia. Este questionário explorou as seguintes áreas: ensino, treinamento clínico, procedimentos, rotações externas, pesquisa e percepção global.Resultados:Foram obtidas 40 respostas de um total de 49 médicos. 82,5% tinham tutores, 22,5% deles disseram que o apoio destes era deficiente. 27,5% descreveram a sua formação teórica como deficiente. A formação prática, é percebida como aceitável, no entanto sugerem melhoras na formação em diálise peritoneal, transplante renal e análise de biópsias. Um 90% tem rotações externas nacionais e 65% relataram ter uma rotação internacional. Quando se avaliou seu desempenho na área de pesquisas, 77,5% o considerou deficiente. Além disso, 82,5% acreditam que a residência deve durar quatro anos. No entanto, 60% informaram que sua residência é boa. Existe uma diminuição da percepção positiva dos aspectos estudados entre os residentes com relação aos graduados.Conclusão:A formação geral na especialização em Nefrologia é considerada boa para os residentes; no entanto, a área de tutoria, as atividades acadêmicas e de pesquisa são deficientes.

AbstractIntroduction:In Peru there are different hospitals and university programs for training of specialists in nephrology.Objective:To assess the perception of physicians who attend such programs.Methods:We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional national-level study in physicians who were in the last two years of nephrology training during February 2012 and who had graduated from it in 2010 and 2011. A self-applied questionnaire was developed along with the Peruvian Society of Nephrology based on international standards. The questionnaire evaluated: mentoring, clinical training, procedures, external rotations, research and global perception.Results:Forty doctors were surveyed nationwide. 82.5% had tutors, 22.5% of them said their support was poor. A 27.5% described their theoretical formation as deficient. The practical training was perceived as acceptable globally; however, improvements in training on peritoneal dialysis and reading kidney transplant biopsies are necessary. A 90% have national external rotations and 65% reported to have an international rotation. In the assessment of research, 77.5% thought this is deficient. In addition, 82.5% believed that residency should last four years. However, 60% reported that their residency training was good. There is a decrease in the positive perception of the aspects studied among residents regarding graduates.Conclusion:The overall perception of nephrology residency training was considered good; however, areas of tutoring, and academic and research activities on average were deficient.

Características clínicas de los pacientes diabéticos que acuden por primera vez a una consulta nefrológica en hospitales públicos de Lima / Clinical characteristics of diabetic patients attending for the first time a nephrologic consultation in Lima public hospitals

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es la principal causa de enfermedad renal crónica y se recomienda una referencia temprana al nefrólogo, ya que se ha reportado peores resultados en pacientes con referencia tardía. Objetivos: Determinar las características de los pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica. Diseño: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional y analítico. Lugar: Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión y Hospital María Auxiliadora. Participantes: Pacientes diabéticos. Intervenciones: Se estudió a los pacientes en su primera consulta nefrológica entre septiembre 2011 y febrero 2012. Para la descripción se utilizó porcentajes, frecuencias y desviaciones estándar. Principales medidas de resultados: Características clínicas de los pacientes diabéticos. Resultados: Se estudió 200 pacientes diabéticos, con tiempo de diagnóstico promedio de 12,9 años. El 73 por ciento recibió educación para autocuidados. El 40 por ciento refería que no tomaba sus medicamentos y 57 por ciento no seguía su dieta regularmente. El 70 por ciento era hipertenso con tiempo de diagnóstico promedio de 4,2 años; 36,5 por ciento era obeso, 52,8 por ciento sufría de dislipidemia, 10,5 por ciento tenía antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. El 81,5 por ciento refería no haber tenido una evaluación previa de la función renal. El 39,5 por ciento tenía hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) >7 por ciento, 48,5 por ciento colesterol >200 mg/dL, 54,5 por ciento cLDL>100 mg/dL y 46,5 por ciento triglicéridos >150 mg/dL; 57 por ciento un tiempo de filtración glomerular<60 mL/min y 37 por ciento presentó albuminuria de 300 mg/d o más. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los pacientes no seguía las recomendaciones de autocuidados. Debido a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular involucrados en este grupo, se debería reforzar su educación.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic renal disease; early referral to the nephrologist is recommended as the outcome is worse in patients with late referral. Objectives: To determine clinical characteristics of diabetic patients upon their first nephrologic consultation. Design: Multicenter, observational and analytical study. Setting: Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion and Hospital Maria Auxiliadora. Participants: Diabetic patients. Interventions: Diabetic patients were studied between September 2011 and February 2012. Percentages were used to describe frequencies and standard deviations. Main outcome measures: Clinical characteristics of diabetes patients. Results: From 200 diabetic patients with 12.9 years mean time to diagnosis 73 per cent had received education for self-care, 40 per cent reported not taking their medications and 57 per cent did not follow a regular diet; 70 per cent were hypertensive with 4.2 years average from time of diagnosis, 36.5 per cent were obese, 52.8 per cent had dyslipidemia; 10.5 per cent had a history of cardiovascular disease, and 81.5 per cent reported no prior assessment of renal function; 39.5 per cent had glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >7 per cent, 48.5 per cent cholesterol >200 mg/dL, 54.5 per cent LDLc >100 mg/dL, and 46.5 per cent triglycerides >150 mg/dL. Fifty seven per cent had a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min, and 37 per cent albuminuria 300 mg/d or more. Conclusions: Almost half of all patients did not follow self-care recommendations. Due to substantial cardiovascular risk factors involved, education of this group should be strengthened.

Factores asociados a albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica / Factors associated albuminuria in diabetic patients in her first nephrology consultation

Objetivos: Determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 que acuden por primera vez a una consulta nefrológica en hospitales públicos de Lima. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico de los pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica en el Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión y Hospital María Auxiliadora entre Septiembre 2011 y Febrero 2012. Se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística de los factores de riesgo para albuminuria. Resultados: Se estudiaron 200 pacientes diabéticos con edad media de 60,3 años. El 70% eran hipertensos, el 36,5% eran obesos, el 52,8% tenía dislipidemia y el 57% tenía una TFG < 60 ml/ min. El 26,85% tenía albuminuria menor de 30 mg/24 horas; el 23,15% tenía albuminuria entre 30 a 300 mg/24horas y el 50% tenía albuminuria mayor de 300 mg/24 horas. El 11,11% de los pacientes en ERC estadio 5 no cursó con albuminuria. En el análisis multivariado la albuminuria se asoció a sexo femenino OR 3,721 (p=0.024) y al estadio de la ERC OR 1,926 (p=0.007). Conclusiones: Más de las tres cuartas partes de nuestros pacientes llegan a consulta con albuminuria y está asociada a sexo femenino y estadio de la ERC.

Objectives: To determine the factors associated with albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients attending for the first time to a nephrology consultation in public hospitals in Lima Methods: Multicenter diabetic patients at their first nephrology at the Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcidez Carrión and Hospital Maria Auxiliadora between September 2011 and February 2012. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis o risk factors for albuminuria. Results: We studied 200 diabetic patients with a mean age of 60.3 years. 70% were hypertensive, 36.5% were obese, 52.8% had dyslipidemia, and 57% had a GFR <60 ml / min. The albuminuria was 26.85% less than 30 mg/24 hours was 23.15% on albuminuria between 30 to 300 mg/24horas and albuminuria was 50% greater than 300 mg/24 hours. The 11.11% of patients in stage 5 CKD not attended with albuminuria. In the multivariate analysis was associated with albuminuria females OR 3,721 (p=0.024) and stage of CKD OR 1, 96 (p=0.007). Conclusions: More than three quarters of our patients come to consult with albuminuria and is associated with female sex and stage of CKD.

Hipertensión arterial e hipertensión paradójica en los pacientes en hemodiálisis / Arterial hypertension and paradoxical hypertension in hemodialysis patients

Objetivos. Describir las características de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la hipertensión arterial paradójica (HTAP), y sus factores asociados en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Material y Métodos. Se estudió a 203 pacientes. Se definió HTA como antecedente clínico y/o toma de medicamentos para la HTA; presión arterial promedio (PAP): presión arterial medida antes y después de hemodiálisis; HTA no controlada, si PAP >140/90 mmHg. Se definió HTAP como presión diastólica posdiálisis mayor de 10 mmHg que en prediálisis. Se evaluó edad, tiempo en diálisis, etiología de la enfermedad, peso interdialítico, antecedente cardiovascular, analítica individual, tipo y número de antihipertensivos. Se realizó un análisis univariante y multivariante de estas variables. Resultados. La prevalencia de HTA fue 79,8 por ciento y la de HTA no controlada, 54,9 por ciento. La edad promedio fue 56,25 ± 15,29 años. Las causas de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) fueron HTA, 37,7 por ciento, y diabetes mellitus (DM), 29 por ciento. El tiempo en diálisis promedio 41,8 ± 32,92 meses; variación de peso interdialítico 2 376,60 ± 1 019,31 g. Con antecedente cardiovascular, 19,75 por ciento: insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), 9,85 por ciento, enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), 5,56 por ciento. Tomaban antihipertensivos el 88,3 por ciento y el 42,59 por ciento tomaba más de un antihipertensivo. Hemoglobina 9,6 ± 2.55 g/dL. No se encontró ningún factor asociado a HTA y la HTA no controlada se asoció a un mayor número de antihipertensivos (OR: 2,053; IC 95 por ciento: 1,248-3,378). La prevalencia de HTAP fue 12 por ciento. El tiempo en diálisis fue 43,8 ± 27,8 meses, la variación del peso interdialítico 2 384,0 ± 912,3 g. La causa de ERC fue HTA 33,3 por ciento, DM 29,6 por ciento. Con antecedente cardiovascular 9,5 por ciento: IC, 4,8 por ciento; ECV, 4,8 por ciento, El 66,7 por ciento tomaba más de un antihipertensivo. Hemoglobina 9,27 ± 2,77 g/dL. La...

Objectives. To describe arterial hypertension (AH) and paradoxical arterial hypertension (PAH) characteristics and their associated factors in hemodialysis patients. Material and methods. We studied 203 patients. AH was defined as a clinic antecedent for these patients or if they were taking medication for AH. Average arterial pressure (AAP) was calculated with arterial pressure measured before and after hemodialysis session. No-controlled AH was a AAP > 140/90 mmHg. PAH was defined as a postdialysis arterial pressure greater than 10 mmHg than the predialysis pressure. We evaluated age, time in dialysis, etiology of end stage renal disease (ESRD), interdialytic weight variation, cardiovascular antecedents, individual laboratory tests, and antihypertensive drugs (classand number). Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed on these variables. Results. Prevalence of AH was 79,8 percent and no-controlled AH was 54,9. Average age was 56,25 ± 15,29 years. Etiology of ESRD was AH 37,7 percent and diabetes mellitus 29 percent. Average time in dialysis was 41,8±32,92 months; interdialytic weight variation 2 376,60 ± 1 019,31 g. There were cardiovascular antecedents in 19,75 percent of the patients (cardiac failure in 9,85 percent and cardiovascular disease in 5,56 percent). Patients were taking antihypertensive drugs in 88,3 percent (angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors 58,09 percent, calcium antagonists 54,94 percent and more than one antihypertensive drug 42,59 percent).Hemoglobin was 9,6 ± 2,55 g/dL. We can not find any factor associated to AH in multivariate analysis; but no-controlled AH was associated with a greater intake of antihypertensive drugs(OR 2,053; IC 95 percent 1,248-3,378). Prevalence of PAH was 12 percent. Time in dialysis was 43,8 ± 27,8 months, interdialytic weight variation was 2384,0 ± 912,3 g. Etiology of ESRD was AH 33,3 percent and diabetes mellitus 29,6 percent...

Prurito en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Pruritus in hemodialysis patients

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia, características de la clínica y factores relacionados a prurito en pacientes de hemodiálisis. Material y métodos: Estudiamos a 188 pacientes de hemodiálisis crónica. Se encuestó a los pacientes para determinar la prevalencia y la clínica de prurito (alteración del sueño, frecuencia, localización, calendario, relación con diálisis y tratamiento). Se evaluó la relación entre los antecedentes de prurito y clínica y de laboratorio (calcio, fósforo, albúmina, ferritina, Kt/V, RCP, hemoglobina y hepatitis). Se realizó un análisis univariante y multivariante de estas variables. Resultados: La prevalencia de prurito fue 37,2 por ciento. El sueño fue perturbado en 37,14 por ciento, con una intensidad moderada de acuerdo a una escala visual analógica (6,2 puntos). El prurito tuvo una presentación diaria en el 98,8 por ciento de los pacientes; fue localizado en la parte posterior en 47,5 por ciento, principalmente en la mañanas 41,3 por ciento, posdiálisis en 45,7 por ciento, con tratamiento en 23 por ciento (principalmente antihistamínicos 24,7 por ciento). Los factores relacionados al prurito fueron hepatitis B (OR de 3,6; IC 95 por ciento 1,22 10,64) e hiperfosfatemia (O 1,21; IC 95 por ciento 1,03 1,42). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de prurito fue alta en los pacientes de hemodiálisis, su presencia fue diaria y alteró la calidad del sueño. Encontramos que el prurito se relacionó con hepatitis b y hiperfosfatemia.

Objective. To determine the prevalence, clinic characteristics and related factors to pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Material and methods. We studied 188 chronic hemodialysis patients. Prevalence and clinic characteristics of pruritus (sleep disturbance, frequency, localization, timing, relation to dialysis and treatment) were searched. The relationship between pruritus and clinic antecedents and laboratory analytic (calcium, phosphorus, albumin, ferritin, Kt/V, RCP, hemoglobin and hepatitis) was evaluated. A univariate and multivariate analysis were performed on these variables. Results. Prevalence of pruritus was 37,2 percent. Sleep was disturbed in 37,14 percent, with a moderate intensity according to an analogue visual scale (6,2 points). Pruritus was present daily in 57,7 percent of the patients; it was localized on the back in 47,5 percent, predominantly in the morning in 41,3 percent, postdialysis in 45,7 percent, with treatment in 23 percent (mainly antihistaminic drugs were administered in 24,7 percent). The related factors to pruritus were hepatitis B (OR of 3,6; IC 95 percent 1,22-10,64) and hyperphosphatemia (OR 1,21; IC 95 percent 1,03-1,42). Conclusions. Prevalence of pruritus was high in hemodialysis patients, its presence was a daily and disturbing sleep quality complaint, and under treated. We found that pruritus was related to hepatitis B and hyperphosphatemia.